Largest comparison between onset and relapses of acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura reveals severe neurological involvement and worse analytic parameters at debut.

It has been proposed that the onset of Acquired Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (iTTP) is more severe than subsequent relapses; however, existing studies have limitations. We conducted a retrospective observational study to compare analytical and clinical severity of onset and relapse aTTP cases between 2012 and 2023. A total of 370 episodes of aTTP were analyzed, comprising 272 at initial diagnosis and 98 relapses. At onset, analytical parameters indicative of severity (low hemoglobin, low platelet count, and increased LDH) were significantly worse; patients had severe neurological symptoms (p<0.001) and ≥ 3 points in the TMA mortality score (p<0.001). In conclusion, the onset of aTTP is associated with worse analytical parameters and severe neurological involvement.

Case Report: α-Spectrin Mutation Associated with αLELY Polymorphism Responsible for Hereditary Pyropoikilocytosis.

Hereditary pyropoikilocytosis (HPP) is characterised by severe hemolytic anemia due to membrane instability. We report the case of a 13-day-old boy with neonatal jaundice and severe hemolytic anemia. A peripheral smear examination showed severe anisopoikylocytosis. DNA sequencing revealed compound double heterozygous for mutant α-spectrin SPTA1 (Arg28His) and homozygous αLELY polymorphism (low expression α-spectrin allele), compatible with diagnosis of HPP.The patient required a blood transfusion initially, but spontaneously improved after two years. Our case illustrates that, despite the presence of the allele αLELY in homozygous, the clinical phenotype is similar to cases with a mutation in SPTA1 associated with αLELY in trans.

Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. / Recomendaciones para el abordaje clínico de pacientes con púrpura trombocitopénica trombótica.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) characterized by the development of microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and ischaemic organ dysfunction associated with ADAMTS13 levels lower than 10% in most cases. Recently there have been numerous advances in the field of PTT, new, rapid and accessible techniques capable of quantifying ADAMTS13 activity and inhibitors. The massive sequencing systems facilitate the identification of polymorphisms in the ADAMTS13 gene. In addition, new drugs such as caplacizumab have appeared and relapse prevention strategies are being proposed with the use of rituximab. The existence of TTP patient registries allow a deeper understanding of this disease but the great variability in the diagnosis and treatment makes it necessary to elaborate guidelines that homogenize terminology and clinical practice. The recommendations set out in this document were prepared following the AGREE methodology. The research questions were formulated according to the PICO format. A search of the literature published during the last 10 years was carried out. The recommendations were established by consensus among the entire group, specifying the existing strengths and limitations according to the level of evidence obtained. In conclusion, this document contains recommendations on the management, diagnosis, and treatment of TTP with the ultimate objective of developing guidelines based on the evidence published to date that allow healthcare professionals to optimize TTP treatment.

Documento de consenso para el diagnóstico y tratamiento del déficit de piruvato quinasa / Consensus document for the diagnosis and treatment of pyruvate kinase deficiency

El déficit de piruvato quinasa es la segunda enzimopatía más frecuente y la principal causa de anemia hemolítica congénita crónica no esferocítica. Su prevalencia está infraestimada por la baja sospecha clínica de los casos leves, las dificultades del correcto diagnóstico enzimático y la gran variedad de diagnósticos diferenciales. Los avances en las técnicas moleculares están permitiendo mejorar notablemente el diagnóstico. El tratamiento continúa basado en soporte transfusional y esplenectomía, siendo necesarios la vigilancia y el tratamiento de la sobrecarga férrica en todos los pacientes, transfundidos o no. Actualmente el único tratamiento curativo es el trasplante alogénico de progenitores hematopoyéticos, indicado en los casos graves con donante idéntico. Las nuevas terapias farmacológicas y génicas parecen prometedoras. En este artículo, el Grupo Español de Eritropatología realiza una actualización de la situación actual de esta enfermedad, con especial atención a los métodos diagnósticos y a los tratamientos actuales y futuros. (AU)

Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is the second most frequent enzymopathy and the most common cause of chronic hereditary non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia. Its global prevalence is underestimated due to low clinical suspicion of mild cases, associated with difficulties in the performance and interpretation of PK enzymatic activity assays. With the advent of next generation sequencing techniques, a better diagnostic approach is achieved. Treatment remains based on red blood cell transfusions and splenectomy, with special attention to iron overload, not only in transfusion-dependent patients. Nowadays, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only curative treatment, recommended only in selected cases of severely affected patients with an HLA-identical donor. Novel pharmacological and gene therapies are in clinical trials, with promising results. In this article, the Spanish Erythropathology Group reviews the current situation of PK deficiency, paying special attention to the usefulness of different diagnostic techniques and to actual and emerging treatments. (AU)

[Consensus document for the diagnosis and treatment of pyruvate kinase deficiency]. / Documento de consenso para el diagnóstico y tratamiento del déficit de piruvato quinasa.

Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is the second most frequent enzymopathy and the most common cause of chronic hereditary non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia. Its global prevalence is underestimated due to low clinical suspicion of mild cases, associated with difficulties in the performance and interpretation of PK enzymatic activity assays. With the advent of next generation sequencing techniques, a better diagnostic approach is achieved. Treatment remains based on red blood cell transfusions and splenectomy, with special attention to iron overload, not only in transfusion-dependent patients. Nowadays, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only curative treatment, recommended only in selected cases of severely affected patients with an HLA-identical donor. Novel pharmacological and gene therapies are in clinical trials, with promising results. In this article, the Spanish Erythropathology Group reviews the current situation of PK deficiency, paying special attention to the usefulness of different diagnostic techniques and to actual and emerging treatments.

Laboratory parameters provided by Advia 2120 analyser identify structural haemoglobinopathy carriers and discriminate between Hb S trait and Hb C trait.

BACKGROUND: Haemoglobinopathies have spread owing to human migration, and the number of people needing diagnosis and management of these conditions is increasing. Clinicians need to accurately identify carriers and provide adequate genetic counselling in order to prevent the occurrence of homozygous or compound heterozygous offspring. OBJECTIVES: To identify red blood cell (RBC) laboratory parameters that discriminate between structural haemoglobinopathy carriers and healthy subjects, and to compare RBC laboratory indices between HbAS and HbAC individuals. METHODS: Samples of 500 variant Hb carriers (355 HbAS, 104 HbAC, 19 HbAD, 7 HbAE, 7 HbAO-Arab, 4 α-chain variants and 4 Hb Lepore) and 251 normal controls were run on an Advia 2120 analyser (Siemens). Classic haematological parameters and RBC populations were assessed in all subjects. A multivariable binary logistic regression model was created to predict the probability of a subject carrying any structural haemoglobinopathy. HbAS (n=355, 71%) and HbAC (n=104, 20.8%) subjects were compared. RESULTS: A clinical prediction rule was developed by assigning one point to each of the most efficient variables: mean corpuscular volume (MCV) <88.4 fL, RBC distribution width >13.4%, percentage of microcytic RBCs (%MICRO) >0.7% and the ratio of microcytic RBCs to hypochromic RBCs >0.8. A score of 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, resulted in a probability of 9.6%, 36.3%, 66.7%, 85.2% or 98.3%, respectively. Among the most frequent variant Hb, HbAC subjects had lower values of parameters related to cell size (MCV, %MICRO) and higher values of parameters related to haemoglobin concentration (MCHC, %HYPER) than HbAS subjects. Coexistence of α-thalassaemia in both HbAS and HbAC individuals resulted in decreased Hb, MCV, MCH and MCHC. CONCLUSIONS: Structural haemoglobinopathy should be investigated in subjects belonging to ethnic groups with high prevalence of variant Hb and with a score of 3 or 4. Erythrocytes of HbAC subjects are smaller and denser than those of HbAS subjects.

Reticulocyte parameters of delta beta thalassaemia trait, beta thalassaemia trait and iron deficiency anaemia.

AIMS: To analyse the differences in reticulocyte indices between delta beta thalassaemia trait (δß-TT), beta thalassaemia trait (ß-TT) and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), and to correlate those differences with the physiopathological features of these three types of microcytoses. METHODS: We performed a descriptive study of 428 samples (43 δß-TT, 179 ß-TT and 206 IDA) that were run on Advia 2120 analyser (Siemens). The following reticulocyte indices were assessed: absolute reticulocyte count (ARC), percentage of reticulocytes, mean corpuscular volume of reticulocytes (MCVr), haemoglobin content of reticulocytes (CHr), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration of reticulocytes, red blood cell distribution width of reticulocytes (RDWr), haemoglobin distribution width of reticulocytes (HDWr) and reticulocyte subpopulations based on their fluorescence according to mRNA (low (L-R), medium (M-R) and high (H-R)), MCV ratio and MCHC ratio. Correlation between fetal haemoglobin (HbF) and RDWr in patients with thalassaemia was evaluated. RESULTS: RDWr was significantly higher in δß-TT compared with ß-TT (15.03% vs 13.82%, p<0.001), and so were HDWr (3.65% vs 3.27%, p<0.001), CHr (23.68 vs 22.66 pg, p<0.001) and MCVr (88.3 vs 85.5 fL, p<0.001). A good correlation was observed between HbF and RDWr (r=0.551, p<0.001). IDA subjects have more immature reticulocytes, but less ARC than ß-TT, suggesting a certain degree of inefficient erythropoiesis in IDA in comparison with ß-TT. CONCLUSIONS: Previously described differences between δß-TT, ß-TT and IDA in the corpuscular indices of mature red blood cell can also be observed in reticulocytes. The degree of anisocytosis in reticulocytes from patients with thalassaemia is correlated with HbF.

Asociación de la hemoglobina Groene Hart con la hemoglobina J-París-I: primer caso en España / Association between hemoglobin Groene Hart and hemoglobin J-Paris-I: First case in Spain

Fundamento y objetivo: Las talasemias son las enfermedades monogénicas más frecuentes a nivel mundial. Representan un grave problema sanitario en las regiones de mayor incidencia. Las α-talasemias se deben a un déficit de síntesis de las cadenas α de la hemoglobina (Hb). La Hb Groene Hart es una variante hiperinestable. En este trabajo se presentan 24 casos pertenecientes a 17 familias afectadas por la Hb Groene Hart, uno de ellos asociado con Hb J-París-I. Pacientes y método: Veinticuatro pacientes de 17 familias no relacionadas fueron incluidos en este estudio. La caracterización se realizó mediante secuenciación. Resultados: La secuenciación del gen α1 mostró la mutación CCT→TCT (Pro→Ser) en el codón 119 (Hb Groene Hart). En un paciente se asoció con la Hb J-París-I. Conclusiones: En la Hb Groene Hart se encuentra afectado un residuo clave para preservar la estabilidad de las cadenas α de globina. La presencia de esta variante es elevada en población española e inmigrante. La aparición de formas graves de la enfermedad podría ser evitada incorporando esta mutación al cribado de las mutaciones α-talasemia no deleción (AU)

Background and objective: Thalassemias are the most frequent monogenic disorder around the world. α-thalassemias are due to a deficiency of synthesis in the alpha-globin chain of the hemoglobin (Hb). Hb Groene Hart is a hyperunstable variant. In this work, we have studied 24 cases affected by Hb Groene Hart, one of them associated with Hb J-Paris-I. Patients and methods: Twenty-four patients from 17 unrelated families were included in this study. The characterization was done by sequencing. Results: α1 gene sequencing showed the mutation CCT→TCT (Pro→Ser) at codon 119 (Hb Groene Hart) in all patients. In one case, there was an association with Hb J-Paris-I. Conclusions: In the Hb Groene Hart, the residue 119 of alpha-globin chain is affected. This amino acid has a key role in preserving the stability of alpha-globin chain. It is also remarkable the presence of this variant in both the immigrant and native population. Thus, the identification of Hb Groene Hart carriers should be considered in the screening of α-thalassemia in Spain, as it is done in Northern Africa (AU)

Hb Burgos (α 1 CD64(E13)(Asp→Asn)): una nueva variante de hemoglobina detectada durante la monitorización de pacientes con diabetes / Hb Burgos (α 1 CD64(E13)(Asp→Asn)): A new hemoglobin variant detected during follow-up of diabetic patients

Fundamento y objetivo: El control de la diabetes mellitus se realiza mediante la determinación de hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c) por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución. Algunas variantes estructurales de la hemoglobina (Hb) son conocidas por causar interferencia analítica en la medición de la HbA1c. Pacientes y métodos: En este estudio se ha caracterizado una nueva variante de Hb en 4 pacientes, que se detectó al realizarse un control de HbA1c. Resultados: La secuenciación selectiva del gen α1 mostró una mutación responsable del cambio de ácido aspártico (Asp) por asparagina (Asn) en el codón 64. El cambio de Asp por Asn no produce ninguna alteración funcional de la Hb y se comporta como una hemoglobinopatía silente. Conclusión: Las variantes estructurales de la Hb se pueden detectar durante la medición de la HbA1c y pueden alterar sus valores. Estos casos, aunque poco frecuentes, requieren examinar a fondo los cromatogramas para detectar posibles interferencias (AU)

Background and objective: The glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test by high performance liquid chromatography is a useful tool for the follow-up of diabetes mellitus patients. Some structural hemoglobin (Hb) variants are known to cause interference in the analytical measurement of HbA1c. Patients and methods: In this study, it has been characterized a new Hb variant in 4 patients during their regular control of HbA1c. Results: Selective α1 gene sequencing showed a mutation GAC > AAC at codon 64 within exon 2. This produces a change of aspartic acid (Asp) by asparagine (Asn) that does not produce any functional alteration so the resultant molecule behaves as a silent hemoglobinopathy. Conclusion: The structural Hb variants can be detected during the analysis of HbA1c and may alter its values. Though rare, this occurrence signals the need to being aware when measuring HbA1 (AU)

[Association between hemoglobin Groene Hart and hemoglobin J-Paris-I: first case in Spain]. / Asociación de la hemoglobina Groene Hart con la hemoglobina J-París-I: primer caso en España.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Thalassemias are the most frequent monogenic disorder around the world. α-thalassemias are due to a deficiency of synthesis in the alpha-globin chain of the hemoglobin (Hb). Hb Groene Hart is a hyperunstable variant. In this work, we have studied 24 cases affected by Hb Groene Hart, one of them associated with Hb J-Paris-I. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-four patients from 17 unrelated families were included in this study. The characterization was done by sequencing. RESULTS: α1 gene sequencing showed the mutation CCT→TCT (Pro→Ser) at codon 119 (Hb Groene Hart) in all patients. In one case, there was an association with Hb J-Paris-I. CONCLUSIONS: In the Hb Groene Hart, the residue 119 of alpha-globin chain is affected. This amino acid has a key role in preserving the stability of alpha-globin chain. It is also remarkable the presence of this variant in both the immigrant and native population. Thus, the identification of Hb Groene Hart carriers should be considered in the screening of α-thalassemia in Spain, as it is done in Northern Africa.

[Hb Burgos (α1 CD64(E13)(Asp→Asn)): a new hemoglobin variant detected during follow-up of diabetic patients]. / Hb Burgos (α1 CD64(E13)(Asp→Asn)): una nueva variante de hemoglobina detectada durante la monitorización de pacientes con diabetes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test by high performance liquid chromatography is a useful tool for the follow-up of diabetes mellitus patients. Some structural hemoglobin (Hb) variants are known to cause interference in the analytical measurement of HbA1c. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, it has been characterized a new Hb variant in 4 patients during their regular control of HbA1c. RESULTS: Selective α1 gene sequencing showed a mutation GAC>AAC at codon 64 within exon 2. This produces a change of aspartic acid (Asp) by asparagine (Asn) that does not produce any functional alteration so the resultant molecule behaves as a silent hemoglobinopathy. CONCLUSION: The structural Hb variants can be detected during the analysis of HbA1c and may alter its values. Though rare, this occurrence signals the need to being aware when measuring HbA1c.

δß-Thalassemia trait: how can we discriminate it from ß-thalassemia trait and iron deficiency anemia?

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the differences not only in classic hematologic parameters but also in RBC subpopulations among δß-thalassemia trait (δß-TT), ß-thalassemia trait (ß-TT), and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and to evaluate the role of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in elevated RBC distribution width (RDW). METHODS: Samples from 553 patients with microcytosis (74 δß-TT, 272 ß-TT, and 207 IDA) were run on an Advia 2120i analyzer (Siemens Medical Solutions Diagnostics, Tarrytown, NY). Classic hematologic parameters and RBC subpopulations were assessed. The correlation between HbF and RDW in patients with thalassemia (both ß and δß) was evaluated. An independent sample t test was used to compare classic hematologic parameters and RBC subpopulations among ß-TT, IDA, and δß-TT and receiver operating characteristic curves performed in the significant comparisons. RESULTS: RDW was significantly higher in δß-TT compared with ß-TT (18.79% vs 16.04%, P < .001), as was mean corpuscular volume (66.39 vs 64.82 fL, P < .001), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (20.73 vs 20.04 pg, P < .001), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (31.16 vs 30.66 g/dL, P = .03). Pearson coefficient showed a good correlation between HbF and RDW. The values obtained for all the parameters were significantly different (P < .001) between patients with thalassemia (ß and δß) and IDA. CONCLUSIONS: RDW is the best parameter to discriminate δß-TT from ß-TT. The degree of anisocytosis in patients with ß-TT and δß-TT is strongly correlated with HbF.

Association in cis of the mutations +20 (C>T) in the 5' untranslated region and IVS-II-745 (C>G) on the ß-globin gene.

In the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR), which is transcribed but not translated and is involved in posttranscriptional regulation of the gene promoting and stabilizing the mRNA translation, several mutations associated with mild ß-thalassemia (ß-thal) have been described. One of these, the +20 (C>T) mutation, is described in the HbVar database as a mutation responsible for ß(+)-thal. In heterozygote cases, it gives rise to a phenotype of ß-thal minor and ß-thal intermediate (ß-TI) when the mutation is associated with ß(+) IVS-II-745 (C>G). To clarify if this mutation is responsible for ß(+)-thal, we studied nine cases where we found an association of the +20 and IVS-II-745 mutations. All patients were carriers of four α genes. Three patients carried ß-thal major (ß-TM), two were compound heterozygotes for IVS-II-745 and codon 8 (-AA) or codon 39 (C>T), and the third was homozygous for IVS-II-745; all had the +20 mutation in the 5'UTR. The remaining patients showed the mutation IVS-II-745 associated with a replacement of C>T at nucleotide (nt) +20 of the 5'UTR. Contrary to reports in the HbVar database, the +20 mutation should be considered as an innocuous single nt polymorphism associated with the IVS-II-745 mutation in cis.

Study of three families with Hb Agrinio [α29(B10)Leu→Pro, CTG>CCG (α2)] in the Spanish population: three homozygous cases.

Most α-thalassemia (α-thal) mechanisms are deletions of one or both α-globin genes and less than 5.0-10.0% are point mutations. Hb Agrinio [α29(B10)Leu→Pro, CTG>CCG (α2)] is a hyperunstable α chain structural variant in which the thalassemic phenotype is determined by a post translational precipitation of the structurally anomalous chain in erythroid precursors. This study involved 14 cases with Hb Agrinio from three families. Selective sequencing of the α2 gene showed a CTG(Leu)>CCG(Pro) mutation at codon 29. The mutation was found in a heterozygous state in 11 cases and in a homozygous state in three cases. These are the first cases with Hb Agrinio described in Spain. In all cases where a leucine is exchanged for a proline, an unstable hemoglobin (Hb) will occur both in the α and the ß chain. Some of these are as unstable as Hb Agrinio and their presence is difficult to detect except by DNA sequencing.

Hb Extremadura [ß64(E8)Gly→Ser;ß133(H11)Val→Leu]: a new molecular analysis.

Unstable hemoglobin (Hb) variants account for 9.5% of structural hemoglobinopathies. The majority of these unstable variants are the result of gene point mutations resulting in the substitution of a single amino acid by another. The presence of two mutations in the same allele is infrequent: of the 781 variants of the ß-globin cluster described, only 32 are due to two point mutations (4.1%). Hb Extremadura is a structural variant that is included within the so-called unstable Hb anomalies. It was first described in 1989, employing the most up-to-date techniques available at that time, reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to separate the abnormal chain (ß(X)) digesting it with trypsin and analysis of the fragments with an automatic analyzer.